Outline of chemistry
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry:
Chemistry – science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate the chemical reactions.[1][2] Chemistry is centrally concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds.
Nature of chemistry
Chemistry can be described as all of the following:
- An academic discipline: one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals.
- A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely-recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer reviewed research is published. There are several geophysics-related scientific journals.
Branches of chemistry
- Analytical chemistry – analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry.
- Biochemistry – study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology and genetics.
- Inorganic chemistry – study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry.
- Materials chemistry – preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function. The field is a new breadth of study in graduate programs, and it integrates elements from all classical areas of chemistry with a focus on fundamental issues that are unique to materials. Primary systems of study include the chemistry of condensed phases (solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases.
- Neurochemistry – study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, maintaining, and modifying the nervous system.
- Nuclear chemistry – study of how subatomic particles come together and make nuclei. Modern Transmutation is a large component of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an important result and tool for this field.
- Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on a carbon skeleton.
- Physical chemistry – study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, spectroscopy, and more recently, astrochemistry.[3] Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of infinitesimal calculus in deriving equations. It is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry. Physical chemistry is a distinct discipline from chemical physics, but again, there is very strong overlap.
- Theoretical chemistry – study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with (theoretical and experimental) condensed matter physics and molecular physics.
- Agrochemistry –
- Astrochemistry –
- Atmospheric chemistry –
- Chemical engineering –
- Chemical biology –
- Chemo-informatics –
- Electrochemistry –
- Environmental chemistry –
- Femtochemistry –
- flavor chemistry –
- Flow chemistry –
- Geochemistry –
- Green chemistry –
- Histochemistry –
- History of chemistry –
- hydrogenation chemistry –
- Immunochemistry –
- Marine chemistry –
- Materials science –
- Mathematical chemistry –
- Mechanochemistry –
- Medicinal chemistry –
- Molecular biology –
- Molecular mechanics –
- Nanotechnology –
- Natural product chemistry –
- Oenology –
- Organometallic chemistry –
- Petrochemistry –
- Pharmacology –
- Photochemistry –
- Physical organic chemistry –
- Phytochemistry –
- Polymer chemistry –
- Radiochemistry –
- Solid-state chemistry –
- Sonochemistry –
- Supramolecular chemistry –
- Surface chemistry –
- Synthetic chemistry –
- Thermochemistry –
Matter
Matter
Properties and Changes
Physical Properties and Changes
Chemical Properties and Changes
Classification of Matter
Atoms
Foundations of Atomic Theory
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Five main points of Dalton's atomic theory
- Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms.
- Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
- Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
- Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds.
- In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
Modern Atomic Theory
Structure
Atom
Counting Atoms
Relating Mass to Numbers of Atoms
Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms
The Periodic Law
History of the Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
Electron Configuration and Periodic Properties
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bond
Introduction
Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds
Concepts
Concepts by subject area
Concepts by branch
History
- Main article: History of chemistry
Chemists
- For more chemists, see: Nobel Prize in Chemistry and List of chemists
Lists
See also
References
External links
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